U.P.P.C.S. Mains 2004

Gender and Power in the Sultanate

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

Who of the following was the first woman ruler of medieval India?

Solution & Analysis

Answer: A

Concept Raziyya Sultan's reign was a radical departure from the patriarchal norms of the medieval era. She was nominated by her father, Iltutmish, who considered her more capable than his sons.

Explanation Chronicler Minhaj-us-Siraj noted in *Tabaqat-i-Nasiri
that she was 'more able and qualified than all her brothers', though the nobility struggled with being ruled by a woman.

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: Raziyya ruled from 1236 to 1240. She adopted male attire and personally led armies, challenging gender barriers.
Logic 2: Other options ruled later: Chand Bibi (16th c.), Durgavati (16th c.), and Noorjahan (17th c. as Empress consort).

Active Recall

Question

Why did the 'Chahalgani' nobles oppose Raziyya?

Answer

They resented her attempts to exercise independent authority and were socially uncomfortable with a woman occupying the supreme seat of power.

Core Insight

Raziyya's reign was a unique experiment in meritocracy that was ultimately cut short by the conservative Turkish nobility.