UPSC CSE Pre 2003

Decline of the Mughal Empire

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

How did the Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah's reign come to an early end?

Solution & Analysis

Answer: C

Concept Following the death of Bahadur Shah I, the Mughal Empire entered an era of puppet emperors controlled by powerful noble factions. This period was characterized by frequent civil wars between royal contenders.

Explanation Jahandar Shah’s brief rule (1712–1713) ended after he was defeated at the Battle of Samugarh near Agra. The victor was his nephew, Farrukhsiyar, who had the critical military backing of the powerful Sayyid Brothers (Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali Khan).

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: Farrukhsiyar challenged his uncle's authority and successfully seized the throne in January 1713, marking the beginning of the 'Kingmakers' (Sayyid Brothers) era.
Logic 2: While Jahandar Shah was indeed influenced by his Wazir Zulfiqar Khan, it was a military defeat in battle, not a palace coup by the Wazir, that directly ended his reign.

Active Recall

Question

Who were the Sayyid Brothers in Mughal history?

Answer

They were powerful nobles who controlled the imperial court by placing and removing emperors at their will between 1713 and 1720.

Core Insight

Jahandar Shah's defeat signifies the moment the Mughal Emperor lost absolute power and became a pawn for competing noble cliques.