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UPSC CSE Prelims 1992

Sects of Buddhism

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

What is the fundamental difference between Hinayana and Mahayana sects of Buddhism?

Solution & Analysis

Answer: C

Concept The split in Buddhism led to two distinct paths: the conservative, monastic Hinayana and the devotional, populist Mahayana.

Explanation Hinayana (Theravada) emphasizes individual effort and views Buddha as a human teacher (Arhat) who found the way. Mahayana introduced the deification of Buddha and Bodhisattvas, leading to elaborate rituals and idol worship.

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: Option C is the correct fundamental difference. Mahayana practitioners worship Buddha and Bodhisattvas as divine beings, while Hinayana practitioners focus on self-discipline and meditation.
Logic 2: Both sects believe in non-violence (A) and a caste-free spiritual order (B). Both respected stupas (D), though their methods of veneration evolved differently.

Active Recall

Question

What is the difference in the spiritual goal of Hinayana and Mahayana?

Answer

Hinayana aims for personal liberation (Arhat), while Mahayana aims for the liberation of all sentient beings (Bodhisattva).

Core Insight

The transition to Mahayana was a turning point that allowed Buddhism to integrate with diverse local cultures through the use of imagery and ritual.

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