39th B.S.P.C. (Pre) 1994

Mughal North-West Frontier Policy

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

What was the root of the dispute between the Shah of Iran and Mughal rulers?

Solution & Analysis

Answer: B

Concept Geopolitics in the 16th and 17th centuries centered on the northwestern gateway to India. Qandahar was the most vital strategic fortress that could either protect or threaten both the Mughal and Safavid territories.

Explanation Qandahar was the root of the dispute between the Mughal rulers and the Shah of Iran (Safavid Empire). It was a vital trade hub and a defensive shield for Kabul. Throughout the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, the city repeatedly changed hands as both empires viewed it as essential for their security and prestige.

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: Qandahar sat at the crossroads of trade between India, Central Asia, and Persia. Losing it meant losing significant commercial revenue.
Logic 2: It was part of the 'scientific frontier' (Kabul-Ghazni-Qandahar line) that every Mughal Emperor fought to maintain to keep Central Asian invaders at bay.

Active Recall

Question

Why did the Shah of Iran want Qandahar?

Answer

Besides trade, it gave the Safavids a forward base to influence Afghan tribes and put pressure on the Mughals.

Core Insight

The recurring loss of Qandahar under later Mughals was a clear sign of the empire's weakening military and diplomatic reach.