Uttarakhand P.C.S. Mains 2006

Medieval Mystical Movements

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

Who of the following is not associated with the Bhakti Movement?

Solution & Analysis

Answer: D

Concept The religious landscape of medieval India was dominated by two parallel movements: the Hindu-rooted Bhakti and the Islamic-rooted Sufism.

Explanation Amir Khusrau was a 13th-14th century poet, musician, and a devoted disciple of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya. While he contributed to the syncretic culture, he is strictly a figure of the Sufi tradition and Persian-Urdu literature.

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: Option D is correct. Khusrau is the 'Parrot of India' (Tuti-e-Hind) and a Sufi, not a Bhakti saint.
Logic 2: Vallabhacharya (A), Chaitanya (B), and Nanak (C) are primary architects of the various streams of the Bhakti movement.

Active Recall

Question

What was Amir Khusrau's contribution to Indian music?

Answer

He is credited with inventing the Sitar and refining the Qawwali genre of Sufi devotional singing.

Core Insight

Amir Khusrau represents the 'meeting of two oceans' where Persian literary forms merged with Indian musical scales, creating a unique Indo-Islamic aesthetic.