[Solved] What is Vattakirutal in Sangam Literature? | Concept & Explanation

What is Vattakirutal in Sangam Literature?

Vattakirutal was an ancient Tamil ritual mentioned in Sangam poems where a king defeated in battle would commit ritual suicide by starving himself to death while facing North. This practice was undertaken to preserve the king's honor and prestige.

Primary Reference: NCERT Class XII - Themes in Indian History

Archived: 2023

Updated: 30 Jan 2026

Which one of the following explains the practice of 'Vattakirutal' as mentioned in Sangam poems?

[UPSC CSE Pre 2023]

Detailed Solution & Historical Context

Concept

'Vatakkiruttal' (or Vattakirutal) represents the high value placed on honor and prestige among the warrior class and kings of the Sangam Age in South India.

Authentic Source Evidence

Sangam literature describes Vatakkiruttal as a ritual where a person, often a king, fasts unto death while facing North. This was performed to redeem honor after a defeat or a perceived humiliation in battle.

Analytical Breakdown

Logic 1: The term literally translates to 'sitting facing North' (Vataku = North, iruttal = sitting/staying).

Logic 2: Famous historical examples include King Kopperuncholan and his friend Pisiranthaiyar, as well as poet Kapilar after the death of King Vel Pari.

Logic 3: Options A, B, and C describe other social features of the time but do not define this specific ritual.

Conceptual Deep Dive & Logic

"Why did kings face North during Vattakirutal?"

Facing North was considered an auspicious direction for those seeking liberation or performing final rites in many Indian traditions.

Examiner's Mindset & Pro-Tip

"Vattakirutal underscores the 'Heroic Age' ethics of Sangam society, where spiritual and social honor outweighed physical survival."

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