Inter-branch Accountability

Evidence 1 and Inference 1 are coherent. Judicial review is the ultimate check on legislative overreach. Evidence 2 and Inference 2 are contradictory. Distributing power between Centre and local bodies is 'Division of Powers', not 'Separation of Powers' (which applies to organs like the judiciary and executive). The correct counterpart is that federal structures rely on the division of powers. Evidence 3 and Inference 3 are contradictory. A single-party monopoly weakens checks and balances because the executive essentially controls the legislature. The correct counterpart is that concentrated political power dilutes systemic checks.

The Assertion is true. Absolute separation would mean no interaction; checks and balances necessitate interaction and friction. Reason (R1) is factually accurate and explains the assertion. Mechanisms like the President's veto or judicial review are intentional overlaps designed to check power. Reason (R2) is factually false. Checks and balances prevent any single branch, including the legislature, from achieving absolute supremacy. The correct counterpart is that all branches maintain equilibrium.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Shielding the executive from judicial review facilitates dictatorship rather than preventing it, and 'Division' refers to federal levels, not organs. The correct counterpart is that judicial oversight prevents executive tyranny. Statement 2 is correct. Embedding judicial review is a classic check and balance mechanism designed to restrain executive overreach. Statement 3 is incorrect. Unified party control diminishes internal accountability and weakens the checking mechanism between branches.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The system prevents dominance by ANY branch, not secures legislative supremacy. The correct counterpart is that the system ensures equilibrium. Statement 2 is correct. Division applies vertically across government tiers. Statement 3 is correct. Article 13 explicitly provides the judiciary the tool to check Parliament. Statement 4 is correct. Montesquieu formulated the modern tripartite separation of powers.