Foundational Amendments and Judicial Shielding

Statement 1 is correct. The 1st Amendment (1951) added the Ninth Schedule to protect land reforms from judicial review. Statement 2 is incorrect because the nationalization of trade was authorized by the 4th Amendment (1955). Statement 3 is incorrect because the provision for common High Courts was introduced by the 7th Amendment (1956).

Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A. Following the Supreme Court's ruling in the State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan case (which struck down communal quotas), Parliament enacted the 1st Amendment in 1951. This amendment added Article 15(4), explicitly empowering states to make special provisions for the advancement of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes.

Option 3 is correct. In response to judicial invalidation of land reforms, the 1st Constitutional Amendment Act (1951) introduced Article 31B and the Ninth Schedule. Any agrarian or land reform law placed in this schedule was explicitly shielded from being challenged in court on the grounds of violating Fundamental Rights.

Only one statement is correct (the first). The 1st Amendment introduced the Ninth Schedule. The second statement is a distractor (Nationalization of trade was the 4th Amendment, 1955). The third statement is also a distractor (Common High Courts were established by the 7th Amendment, 1956).