Type 1: EVIDENCE INFERENCE

Verify the historical facts concerning the physical drafting and linguistic authority of the Indian Constitution:

1. The original physical artifact of the Constitution was beautifully handwritten in exclusively the English language.

2. The original drafts of the Constitution were manually transcribed by calligrapher Prem Behari Narain Raizada in both Hindi and English.

3. The 58th Constitutional Amendment formally authorized the President to publish an authoritative legal text of the Constitution in Hindi.

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Detailed Solution & Context

The second and third statements are accurate. Prem Behari Narain Raizada handwritten the original Constitution in both Hindi and English, and the 58th Amendment (1987) authorized the President to publish an authoritative Hindi text. The first statement is false because the original physical artifacts were not exclusive to English; there was also a beautifully handwritten Hindi version.
Type 2: ASSERTION REASON

Analyze the legal evolution of the Constitution's linguistic authority:

1. Assertion: It took nearly four decades after the republic's inception to establish a legally authoritative version of the Constitution in the Hindi language.

2. Reason 1: The original drafters only produced a typed English manuscript, completely ignoring the Hindi language.

3. Reason 2: The 58th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1987 was specifically enacted to authorize the President to publish the authoritative Hindi text.

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Detailed Solution & Context

The Assertion is true; the authoritative Hindi text was established in 1987. Reason 2 correctly identifies the 58th Amendment as the mechanism for this. Reason 1 is historically false because the original drafters did not ignore Hindi; they commissioned Prem Behari Narain Raizada to produce a beautiful, handwritten calligraphy version of the Constitution in Hindi alongside the English one.
Type 3: SCENARIO

Imagine you are a legal archivist in 1985 searching for the 'authoritative' legal text of the Indian Constitution in Hindi to resolve a high court dispute. What administrative reality will you encounter?

1. You will easily find it, as the authoritative Hindi text was published immediately upon adoption in 1950.

2. You will not find a legally 'authoritative' Hindi text, because the amendment authorizing the President to publish one will not be passed until 1987.

3. You will find that the original handwritten Hindi calligraphy copy by Prem Behari Narain Raizada serves as the absolute final legal authority in court.

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Detailed Solution & Context

The second reality is accurate. In 1985, there was no provision for a legally 'authoritative' text of the Constitution in Hindi. It was the 58th Amendment Act of 1987 (inserting Article 394-A) that finally authorized the President to publish an authoritative Hindi translation. While a handwritten Hindi copy existed from 1950, it did not possess the specific legal weight of the later 'authoritative' text.
Type 4: HOW MANY

Determine the validity of the following claims regarding the linguistic history of the Constitution:

1. The original foundational documents were manually transcribed in both the Hindi and English languages.

2. The 58th Constitutional Amendment explicitly mandated the translation and publication of an authoritative Hindi text.

3. The authoritative Hindi translation was placed directly under the publishing authority of the President.

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Detailed Solution & Context

All three claims are highly verifiable. The original was handwritten in both languages (by Prem Behari Narain Raizada). Decades later, the 58th Amendment (1987) authorized the President to publish the authoritative text in Hindi.

🚨 The Examiner's Trap

Candidates often assume the original Constitution was exclusively in English, ignoring the Hindi calligraphy copy, or they assume an 'authoritative' Hindi text existed from 1950, rather than realizing it required a specific amendment in 1987.

⚡ Quick Revision

Concept Flow Mapping

Original Constitution
handwritten in
English and Hindi
Prem Behari Narain Raizada
executed
original calligraphy
58th Amendment Act
authorized
authoritative Hindi text

Logic Quest

"What legal deficit regarding the national language was corrected by the 58th Amendment Act?"

Prior to 1987, there was no provision for a legally authoritative text of the Constitution in Hindi; the 58th Amendment authorized the President to publish one.

Topic Clusters

58th Constitutional Amendment Act 1987Prem Behari Narain Raizada