UPSC CSE Prelims 2012

Buddhist Iconography

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

Lord Buddha's image is sometimes shown with the hand gesture called 'Bhumisparsha Mudra'. It symbolizes

Solution & Analysis

Answer: B

Concept The 'Bhumisparsha Mudra' or the 'Earth-Touching Gesture' is one of the most iconic depictions of the Buddha, representing the moment of his enlightenment.

Explanation According to Buddhist tradition and standard art history references, as Siddhartha meditated under the Bodhi tree, the demon Mara attempted to frighten and tempt him. Buddha touched the ground, calling the Earth Goddess (Sthavara) to witness his right to occupy the seat of enlightenment based on his past merits and purity.

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: Option B is the precise symbolic meaning. The gesture is a legalistic claim to the spot of enlightenment, using the Earth as an impartial witness to his unwavering chastity and resolve.
Logic 2: Option A is incorrect because the Earth was called to 'witness' the truth of his past lives and current purity, not merely to 'watch over' or physically block Mara. Option C is a general Buddhist tenet on impermanence (Anicca) but is not specifically linked to this mudra.

Active Recall

Question

What does the demon 'Mara' symbolize in this context?

Answer

Mara represents the inner psychological obstacles, ego, and worldly desires that one must overcome to achieve spiritual liberation.

Core Insight

The Bhumisparsha Mudra signifies the triumph of the individual's spiritual merit over the chaotic forces of the ego and the material world.