UPSC CSE Prelims 2012

Sufism in India

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

With reference to the religious history of medieval India, the Sufi mystics were known to pursue which of the following practices? 1. Meditation and control of breath. 2. Severe ascetic exercises in a lonely place. 3. Recitation of holy songs to arouse a state of ecstasy in their audience. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Solution & Analysis

Answer: D

Concept Sufism is the mystical dimension of Islam that seeks a direct, personal experience of God through internal discipline and love.

Explanation Historical Sufi 'Silsilas' (orders) like the Chishtis practiced 'Chilla-i-ma'kus' (upside down 40-day fasts) and 'Sama' (musical gatherings). They often adopted Yogic breath control (Pranayama) in India.

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: Statement 1 is correct. Sufis used 'Zikr' (remembrance) and breath control to achieve concentration.
Logic 2: Statement 2 is correct. Many Sufis lived in 'Khanqahs' or retired to forests/caves for solitary 'Chilla' (40-day retreat).
Logic 3: Statement 3 is correct. 'Sama' (qawwali/holy songs) was a core method to induce 'Wajad' or spiritual ecstasy.

Active Recall

Question

What was the purpose of 'Sama' in the Chishti order?

Answer

It was intended to evoke 'Ishq' (divine love) and bring the seeker closer to the Creator through musical rhythm and poetry.

Core Insight

Sufism acted as a bridge between Islamic theology and Indian spirituality, often borrowing local ascetic and yogic techniques.