UPSC CSE Pre 2023

Sangam Social Traditions

Authentic Past Paper Standard Evaluation

Which one of the following explains the practice of 'Vattakirutal' as mentioned in Sangam poems?

Solution & Analysis

Answer: D

Concept 'Vatakkiruttal' (or Vattakirutal) represents the high value placed on honor and prestige among the warrior class and kings of the Sangam Age in South India.

Explanation Sangam literature describes Vatakkiruttal as a ritual where a person, often a king, fasts unto death while facing North. This was performed to redeem honor after a defeat or a perceived humiliation in battle.

Logical Breakup
Logic 1: The term literally translates to 'sitting facing North' (Vataku = North, iruttal = sitting/staying).
Logic 2: Famous historical examples include King Kopperuncholan and his friend Pisiranthaiyar, as well as poet Kapilar after the death of King Vel Pari.
Logic 3: Options A, B, and C describe other social features of the time but do not define this specific ritual.

Active Recall

Question

Why did kings face North during Vattakirutal?

Answer

Facing North was considered an auspicious direction for those seeking liberation or performing final rites in many Indian traditions.

Core Insight

Vattakirutal underscores the 'Heroic Age' ethics of Sangam society, where spiritual and social honor outweighed physical survival.