Vijayanagara Social History

Women in Vijayanagara: Accounts of Nuniz

According to the Portuguese writer Fernao Nuniz, women in the Vijayanagara Empire were experts in wrestling, astrology, accounting, and soothsaying. They even served as administrative officials, judges, and palace guards.

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According to Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in Vijayanagara Empire were expert in which of the following areas?
1. Wrestling
2. Astrology
3. Accounting
4. Soothsaying
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

[UPSC CSE Pre 2021]

Detailed Solution & Historical Context

Concept


The Vijayanagara Empire was unique for its time regarding the public roles allowed for women. Unlike many contemporary societies, women here were active in professional, administrative, and even physical combat spheres.

Authentic Source Evidence


Fernao Nuniz, a Portuguese chronicler, observed that the King had women specialized as wrestlers, astrologers, and soothsayers. He specifically mentions women 'who write all the accounts of expenses' and those who act as judges, bailiffs, and palace guards.

Analytical Breakdown


  • Logic 1: Women were not limited to the domestic sphere; they were trained in martial arts like wrestling and sword fighting.

  • Logic 2: Intellectual roles were also common. Women served as accountants, maintaining records that were cross-checked with outside officials, and were well-versed in music and literature.
  • Conceptual Deep Dive & Logic

    "How did foreign travelers contribute to our understanding of Vijayanagara?"

    Travelers like Nuniz and Paes provided eyewitness accounts of social customs, urban planning, and administrative roles that were often omitted from official court records.

    Examiner's Mindset & Pro-Tip

    "The inclusion of women in diverse professional roles like accounting and wrestling suggests that Vijayanagara society had a surprisingly high degree of social mobility and institutionalized training for women."

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