Official UPSC Format

Consider the following statements relating to the use of the place-value system in India :
1. The earliest epigraphic use of the place-value system in India is found in the Mankani plates from Gujarat (AD 595 – 596).
2. In the ninth century, place-values become general in inscriptions all over India.
3. The place-values have been found in Sanskrit inscriptions in South-east Asia as early as the seventh century.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?

1. The earliest epigraphic use of the place-value system in India is found in the Mankani plates from Gujarat (AD 595 – 596).

2. In the ninth century, place-values become general in inscriptions all over India.

3. The place-values have been found in Sanskrit inscriptions in South-east Asia as early as the seventh century.

⚡ Quick Recall Snippet

The decimal place-value system originated in ancient India. While conceptually older, its earliest known epigraphic (physical inscription) use is found on the Mankani copper plates of Gujarat, dated to 595-596 CE. By the 7th century, the system had already spread to Southeast Asia, though it only became standard across all Indian inscriptions by the 9th century.

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Detailed Solution & Authority Citations

Correct Answer is Option D
Let us trace the epigraphic timeline of the Indian decimal place-value system based on the archives of Epigraphia Indica:
  • Statement 1 is Correct: While literary references exist earlier, the oldest surviving physical epigraphic (inscribed) evidence of the decimal place-value system using zero in India is found on the Mankani copper-plate charter from Gujarat, firmly dated to the Kalachuri era corresponding to 595–596 CE.

  • Statement 2 is Correct: The adoption of the new numerical notation by traditional stone carvers and state administrations was gradual. While used in scholarly works, it wasn't until the ninth century CE (e.g., the Chaturbhuj Temple inscription in Gwalior, 876 CE) that the decimal place-value system became universally common in public inscriptions across the subcontinent.

  • Statement 3 is Correct: Supported by robust maritime trade networks and cultural diffusion, Indian mathematics spread rapidly. Clear epigraphic evidence of the place-value system has been discovered in Sanskrit-influenced inscriptions in Srivijaya (Sumatra) and Cambodia dating as early as the seventh century CE (Saka years 605 and 606).
    • Conclusion: All three statements reflect accurate historical and epigraphic timelines.

    🚨 The Examiner's Trap

    This question tests niche historical timelines. The examiner expects candidates to doubt Statement 3 (that the system reached Southeast Asia before it became universally standard inside India in the 9th century). However, maritime trade and religious transmission moved ideas rapidly across the ocean.

    Active Recall Flashcard

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    Which ancient archaeological find from Gujarat (dating to ~595 CE) contains the earliest known epigraphic use of the decimal place-value system in India?

    The Mankani copper plates.

    Concept Flow Mapping

    Mankani Plates
    Contains Earliest Epigraphy Of
    Place-Value System
    Mankani Plates
    Dated To
    595 CE
    Place-Value System
    Spread To Southeast Asia By
    7th Century

    Logic Quest

    "Why is there a gap between literary invention and epigraphic use?"

    Not analyzing core concepts like Epigraphic Evidence of Mathematical Innovation through the lens of Previous Year Questions is a serious miss-out. This PYQ engine is specifically designed to help you decode the examiner's mindset and master highly probable Ancient History questions for your upcoming Prelims.