Official Question UPSC 2026
Which of the following statements about Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and Critical Minerals is/are correct ? 1. Modern technological innovations including Artificial Intelligence, robotics and space exploration extensively utilise Rare Earth Elements (REEs). 2. China has the highest share in mining of REEs followed by India. 3. The Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to establish a robust framework for self-reliance in the critical mineral sector. 4. Rare Earth Elements are a set of 13 metallic elements. Select the answer using the code given below :
Solution & Analysis
Answer: A
Let's evaluate the scientific and geopolitical facts regarding critical minerals based on Ministry of Mines and USGS data:
•Statement 1 is Correct: REEs possess unique magnetic and electrochemical properties. Elements like Neodymium are indispensable for the miniaturized, highly efficient permanent magnets required in robotics actuators, EV motors, and aerospace tech.
•Statement 2 is Incorrect: While China holds a massive near-monopoly (roughly 70%) on global REE mining and processing, the second-largest miner is the United States, followed by nations like Australia and Myanmar. India's output is comparatively negligible.
•Statement 3 is Correct: Recognizing this dangerous import dependency, the Government of India officially launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in January 2025. It serves as a strategic blueprint to secure domestic supply chains for green tech and defense sectors.
•Statement 4 is Incorrect: Chemically, Rare Earth Elements consist of 17 metallic elements, not 13. This group includes the 15 lanthanides on the periodic table, along with Scandium and Yttrium.
Conclusion: Statements 1 and 3 are factually accurate, making Option A correct.