The Chola Maritime Empire

Chola Conquests and Sailendra Expedition | UPSC

Both statements are correct. The Cholas dominated South India by defeating the Pandyas and Cheras, and they launched a historic naval campaign against the Sailendra Empire in Southeast Asia.

Primary Reference: NCERT Class VII - Our Pasts II

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Consider the following statements:
1. The Cholas defeated Pandya and Chera rulers and established their domination over peninsular India in the early medieval times.
2. The Cholas sent an expedition against the Sailendra Empire of Southeast Asia and conquered some of the areas.
Which of these statements is/are correct?

[UPSC CSE Prelims 2003]

Detailed Solution & Historical Context

Concept


The Imperial Cholas (9th-13th century) transformed from a regional power into a maritime empire with an influence stretching across the Indian Ocean.

Authentic Source Evidence


Standard history texts like Nilakanta Sastri's work confirm Rajaraja I’s victories over the Cheras/Pandyas and Rajendra I’s naval raid on the Srivijaya (Sailendra) Empire in 1025 CE.

Analytical Breakdown


  • Logic 1: Statement 1 is correct. Rajaraja I destroyed the Chera navy at Kandalur Salai and annexed the Pandya kingdom (Madurai).

  • Logic 2: Statement 2 is correct. Rajendra I launched a massive naval expedition against the Sailendra kingdom of Srivijaya (Sumatra/Malay Peninsula) to secure trade routes to China.
  • Conceptual Deep Dive & Logic

    "What was the primary motive for the Chola expedition to Southeast Asia?"

    To eliminate Srivijaya’s interference in the lucrative trade route between India and the Song dynasty of China.

    Examiner's Mindset & Pro-Tip

    "The Cholas were one of the few Indian dynasties to maintain a blue-water navy capable of successful trans-oceanic military campaigns."

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