Science and Culture in the 18th Century

Sawai Jai Singh II: Jantar Mantar Observatories

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II established five astronomical observatories called Jantar Mantars in Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura. These massive stone instruments were used to predict planetary movements and the passage of time.

Primary Reference: Standard Educational Reference

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Jai Singh II established observatories at which sites?
1. Delhi
2. Jaipur
3. Ujjain
4. Varanasi

[UPPCS Mains 2007]

Detailed Solution & Historical Context

Concept


Sawai Jai Singh II was a rare polymath among Indian royalty. His interest in astronomy led to the construction of massive stone instruments that could track celestial bodies with extreme precision.

Authentic Source Evidence

Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II established a total of five astronomical observatories, known as Jantar Mantars. They are located in Delhi (Shahjahanabad), Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura. These sites were built to compile accurate astronomical tables.

Analytical Breakdown


  • Logic 1: The instruments, like the Samrat Yantra, were built of stone and lime to ensure they didn't suffer from the wear and tear of metallic instruments.

  • Logic 2: While Jaipur is the largest and most famous, all four cities listed in the question hosted these scientific monuments.
  • Conceptual Deep Dive & Logic

    "What is the meaning of 'Jantar Mantar'?"

    It translates to 'instruments for measuring the harmony of the heavens,' reflecting their scientific purpose.

    Examiner's Mindset & Pro-Tip

    "Jai Singh II’s observatories represent a bridge between traditional Indian astronomical knowledge and global scientific inquiry in the 18th century."

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