Syncretic Music of Medieval India

Kitab-i-Nauras and Amir Khusrau's Qawwali

Ibrahim Adil Shah II wrote the 'Kitab-i-Nauras', praising both Hindu and Muslim figures. Amir Khusrau is credited as the father of Qawwali in India.

Primary Reference: Standard Educational Reference

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Consider the following statements:
1. Kitab-i-Nauras, a collection of songs in praise of Hindu deities and Muslim saints, was written by Ibrahim Adil Shah II.
2. Amir Khusrau was the originator in India of the early form of the musical style known as Qawwali.
Which of these statements is/are correct?

[UPSC CSE Pre. 2003, GS Paper I]

Detailed Solution & Historical Context

Concept


This question highlights the syncretic nature of Indian music during the Sultanate and Deccani periods.

Authentic Source Evidence


Ibrahim Adil Shah II (Bijapur) was known as 'Jagadguru Badshah' for his religious tolerance. Amir Khusrau (Delhi Sultanate) blended Persian and Indian musical elements.

Analytical Breakdown


  • Logic 1: Statement 1 is correct; 'Kitab-i-Nauras' starts with an invocation to Goddess Saraswati and Prophet Muhammad, reflecting Dakhni culture.

  • Logic 2: Statement 2 is correct; Khusrau is traditionally regarded as the creator of the Qawwali genre and several Ragas.
  • Conceptual Deep Dive & Logic

    "What title was Ibrahim Adil Shah II given for his musical interests?"

    He was called 'Jagadguru Badshah' by his subjects due to his devotion to music and pluralistic views.

    Examiner's Mindset & Pro-Tip

    "Amir Khusrau's 'Qaul' (saying) became the basis of the Qawwali, bridging the gap between sacred Sufi poetry and melodic expression."

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