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Jain Rock-cut Monasteries

Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves: History and Facts

Udayagiri and Khandagiri comprise 18 and 15 caves respectively, including natural and artificial ones. The Hathigumpha inscription is specifically in Udayagiri.

Primary Reference: NCERT Class XI - An Introduction to Indian Art

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What is/are correct in reference to Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves?
1. It has both natural and artificial caves.
2. Udayagiri has 18 and Khandagiri has 15 caves.
3. Khandagiri caves are famous for Hathigumpha inscription.
Select the correct answer using the code below:

[Chhattisgarh PCS (Pre) 2021]

Detailed Solution & Historical Context

Concept


The Udayagiri and Khandagiri hills near Bhubaneswar represent some of the earliest Jain rock-cut architecture in India, serving as monastic retreats.

Authentic Source Evidence


The complex consists of 33 caves in total: 18 in Udayagiri and 15 in Khandagiri. They include both natural formations and those artificially carved out during the reign of King Kharavela. Crucially, the famous Hathigumpha inscription is located in Udayagiri, not Khandagiri.

Analytical Breakdown


  • Logic 1: Statements 1 and 2 are correct; the site is famous for its residential cells (lenas) for Jain ascetics and the numerical distribution is accurate.

  • Logic 2: Statement 3 is incorrect because the Hathigumpha (Elephant Cave) inscription, which details Kharavela's military and administrative record, is found on the rock face of Udayagiri.

    • Conceptual Deep Dive & Logic

    "To which dynasty did King Kharavela belong?"

    The Meghavahana (Chedi) dynasty of Kalinga.

    Examiner's Mindset & Pro-Tip

    "These caves provide the earliest evidence of state-sponsored Jain monasticism in Eastern India."

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