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Ancient Rock-Cut Architecture

Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves: Facts & Inscriptions

The Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves in Odisha consist of both natural and artificial caves, with Udayagiri housing 18 and Khandagiri 15. The famous Hathigumpha inscription is found in the Udayagiri caves.

Primary Reference: NCERT Class XII - Themes in Indian History Part 1

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What is/are correct in reference to Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves? 1. It has both natural and artificial caves. 2. Udayagiri has 18 and Khandagiri has 15 caves. 3. Khandagiri caves are famous for Hathigumpha inscription. Code:

[Chhattisgarh PCS (Pre) 2021]

Detailed Solution & Historical Context

Concept


Rock-cut architecture in ancient India often served as 'monastic retreats' (Viharas) for Jain and Buddhist monks, featuring sophisticated carving and historical records.

Authentic Source Evidence


  • Statement 1 is correct: The complex features both natural and man-made (rock-cut) caves used by Jain ascetics.

  • Statement 2 is correct: Udayagiri ('Sunrise Hill') contains 18 caves, while Khandagiri contains 15 caves.

  • Statement 3 is incorrect: The Hathigumpha inscription is located in the Udayagiri caves, not Khandagiri. It is carved in Brahmi script and details King Kharavela's life.

    • Analytical Breakdown


  • Logic 1: These caves were commissioned primarily during the reign of the Kalinga king Kharavela (1st-2nd Century BCE).

  • Logic 2: Famous caves include Rani Gumpha (double-storied) and Ganesh Gumpha in Udayagiri, while Khandagiri features the Barabhuji and Trushula Gumphas.

  • Logic 3: The carvings depict Jain Tirthankaras, Sasana Devis, and scenes from daily life.

    • Conceptual Deep Dive & Logic

    "What is the primary religious association of these caves?"

    The Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves were primarily dwellings (Viharas) for Jain monks.

    Examiner's Mindset & Pro-Tip

    "The presence of the Hathigumpha inscription makes Udayagiri a crucial site for dating the transition between the Mauryan and Post-Mauryan eras in Eastern India."

    Topic Clusters (click to see related topic questions)

    Jainism 5Brahmi Script 17
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